Enchanting Prose that Beckons the Reader into a Captivating Tale
Sultan: Unveiling the History of Bo Saeed Imams in Oman
In a grand literary endeavour befitting its esteemed status, Al Qasimi Publications unveils a literary masterpiece authored by His Highness Sheikh Dr. Sultan bin Muhammad Al Qasimi, Supreme Council Member and Ruler of Sharjah. This opus, titled "History of Bo Saeed Imams in Oman (1749-1856 AD)," stands as the resplendent fourth instalment within the illustrious "Sultan of Dates" series, a trove of knowledge spanning 282 enthralling pages.
This remarkable book comprises an introduction, forward, and ten chapters. It also features a conclusion and various explanatory appendices. The book proudly stands as the 80th edition from the esteemed author, His Highness the Ruler of Sharjah.
In the book's introduction, His Highness shares his profound intention with heartfelt words: "Within these pages, I weave a narrative that illuminates a significant period in Oman's history. It revolves around the leadership of four imams, who dedicated themselves to preserving their beloved nation and shielding their land from division, fuelled by the ambitions of foreign powers."
Within the preface of this enthralling book, His Highness delves into the tale of Sheikh Ahmed bin Saeed Al Bo Saeed, the esteemed Wali of Sohar, whose presence graced the dawning of the year 1734 AD. His Highness paints a vivid portrait of this noble imam, whose unwavering loyalty to Imam Saif bin Sultan bin Saif Al-Yarubi stood firm, despite their numerous disagreements on various matters.
In those tumultuous times, a Persian commander by the name of Kelp Ali Khan laid siege to the city of Sohar. Sheikh Ahmed bin Saeed Al-Busaidi, the valiant leader of the city, found himself at the forefront of this arduous struggle. It was during this gripping siege that Imam Sultan bin Murshid sought refuge within the protective walls of Sohar. Sheikh Ahmed bin Saeed Al-Busaidi and his steadfast compatriots rallied together, fortifying the defences of Sohar. In the midst of the relentless siege, tragedy befell the revered Imam Sultan bin Murshid, as he met his untimely demise.
Extreme resistance
Amidst the blooming of spring in the year 1743, a tale of unwavering defiance unfolds. Sohar, with the exception of its fortified fortress, fell under occupation, yet one brave figure remained, standing resolute: Sheikh Ahmed bin Said Al Bo Saeed.
In the preface of this remarkable book, His Highness, recounts a gripping narrative of the indomitable Sohar Fort. Despite enduring a relentless siege by the Persian fleet and forces for over six long months, it stood as a beacon of unyielding resistance. Sheikh Ahmed bin Saeed Al-Busaid, with unmatched valor, safeguarded the fortress throughout this arduous period.
However, as the days turned into weeks, and weeks into months, the supplies that sustained their resistance dwindled. The provisions that had once arrived from neighbouring cities ceased, and the necessity of the moment forced a difficult decision upon him. In July 1743, compelled by circumstances, Sheikh Ahmed bin Saeed Al-Busaid had no choice but to accept the terms presented by the occupying Persians and surrender.
His Highness, guided by the words of Humaid bin Muhammad bin Zurayq in his book, "The Common Ray of Shine in Mentioning the Names of the Imams of Oman," reveals an intriguing twist. It is said that Sheikh Ahmed bin Said, the Wali of Sohar, cunningly invited the Persian officers to a deceptive feast in Barka. Within this carefully laid trap, the officers met their untimely demise, while those who remained were allowed safe passage back to Persia.
Establishment
In the inaugural chapter, we are transported back in time to witness the establishment of the esteemed State of Al Bo saeed. At the heart of this remarkable tale stands the illustrious figure of Imam Ahmed bin Saeed Al-Busaid. In the words of His Highness, the Ruler of Sharjah, we learn that Sheikh Ahmed bin Saeed possessed a noble and endearing character, which endeared him to the hearts of his people and paved the way for his ascent to the esteemed position of Imam. In response to the radiance of his personality and his inherent qualities, the scholars and sheikhs recognized the imamate of Sheikh Ahmed bin Saeed Al-Busaid. With great reverence and anticipation, the sheikhs gathered in Rustaq, their presence a testament to the weight and significance of this momentous occasion. It was on the eve of a Monday, the twenty-third of the month of Jumada, in the year 1162 AH, which coincided with the tenth of June in the year 1749, that the mantle of imamate was bestowed upon him.
Within the realm of this chapter, the reader embarks upon a captivating journey that unveils the pivotal stages of a momentous era, forged under the reign of Ahmed bin Saeed Al-Busaid. It is in this tapestry of events that the path of his rule becomes clear, as the fortresses of Oman align themselves under his banner, with the notable exceptions being the fortress of Al-Hazm, which remained with the descendants of Saif bin Sultan Al-Yarubi, and the fortress of Nakhl, which remained with Muhammad bin Suleiman bin Uday Al-Yarubi.
This chapter shed light on a multitude of intriguing details, illuminating the reign of Imam Ahmad bin Said as he held sway over the vast lands of Oman, with the exception of the western region known as "Sir." Here, the reader discovers a tapestry of events surrounding Imam Ahmad bin Said's relentless battles and confrontations against his adversaries, amidst the chaos that beset Persia.
On the twenty-third of March 1751, a significant alliance formed between Mullah Ali Shah and Sheikh Rahma bin Matar Al Qasimi, the ruler of Ras Al Khaimah, as they joined forces against their common adversaries. However, amidst this alliance, the Arabs of Hula stood united in opposition to Mullah Ali Shah, and Imam Ahmad bin Said of Oman rallied alongside them.
Then, on the seventh of May 1751, Sheikh Rahma bin Matar Al Qasimi journeyed to Bandar Abbas to meet with Mullah Ali Shah. This encounter served to settle the disputes that had arisen between Mullah Ali Shah and the Arabs of Hula, with Sheikh Rahma Al Qasimi acting as a mediator, reconciling their differing requests.
The book delves into the events that followed, recounting the confiscation of Mullah Ali Shah's property on the thirty-first of January 1752 by the valiant Knights of Nasir Khan, who had arrived in Bandar Abbas. Not long after, two thousand soldiers under the command of Nasir Khan joined their ranks. Upon learning of Mullah Ali Shah's predicament, Imam Ahmad bin Said of Oman promptly dispatched a thousand of his finest men to aid in the fight against the Arab tribes of Hula.
Within the pages of this chapter, an abundance of captivating details concluded by His Highness sheding light on the state of tumult that plagued the Persian coast, stretching from Minab to the city of Charek, famously known as Hormuz Gan.
In this troubled region, under the authority of Nasir Khan, the people fell victim to the relentless looting perpetrated by Arab groups. The inhabitants suffered grievous losses at the hands of these marauders, while at other times, it was Nasir Khan himself who led plundering campaigns, leaving cities and their surrounding areas ravaged. The roads became perilous, frequented by numerous marauding bands who brazenly invaded, instilling fear and chaos along their path.
Renaissance
In the second chapter, the Ruler of Sharjah, His Highness, casts a luminous spotlight on the remarkable renaissance that unfolded across various domains in Oman. Foremost among these advancements were the realms of trade and economy, where the visionary leadership of Imam Ahmed bin Saeed bore fruit. Imam Ahmed bin Saeed's shrewd strategies and farsighted vision bore witness to a flourishing trade landscape. With astute acumen, he successfully enticed a significant number of commercial vessels to chart their course through the bustling port of Muscat. Such was the extent of his achievements that the road linking the East and the West came to be known as the Muscat Road, a bustling thoroughfare of vibrant commerce.
Within the captivating pages of this chapter, the reader is immersed in a rich tapestry of historical events, shedding light on the bustling activity of various companies, including the Dutch East India Company. Notably, the book delves into the fascinating agreement forged between the Dutch and Sheikh Khalfan bin Mohammed bin Abdullah Al-Busaidi, wherein the Dutch were granted the freedom to engage in trade within the region. Moreover, the book underscores the close bond shared between Jacob Musil, the Dutch Governor-General of the Dutch East India Company in Indonesia, and the Imam Ahmed bin Said. Correspondence exchanged between the two luminaries serves as a testament to the strength and warmth of their relationship. It vividly portrays the unwavering support and assistance provided by Imam Ahmed bin Said, as he generously allowed the company's ships to freely access the ports of Oman.
In this chapter, the remarkable rise in the government's material income under the reign of Imam Ahmad bin Said is explored. It is revealed that he actively invested in acquiring merchant warships from the Western world, thereby bolstering his naval forces. His fleet consisted of four large ships and eight smaller ones, enabling him to navigate the seas with greater confidence and authority. Imam Ahmad bin Said not only possessed a robust military force but also enjoyed the unwavering support of his subjects. On numerous occasions, they stood by his side, demonstrating their loyalty and deep respect for his leadership. Moreover, he fostered friendships with prominent figures in the realms of politics, literature, and law, as well as esteemed scholars and scientists.
Challenging missions
In the eventful third chapter, the challenging circumstances that Imam Ahmad bin Said faced from 1756 onwards are hughlighted. The Imam found himself confronted with three simultaneous arduous tasks, each demanding his utmost attention and resilience. Firstly, he grappled with the uprising in Mombasa, a revolution that swept through the region, causing upheaval. Furthermore, Zanzibar was occupied, leaving only the castle and its immediate surroundings under his control. The Imam was faced with the formidable task of reclaiming these territories and restoring stability to the region. Simultaneously, Imam Ahmad bin Said had to contend with the issue of Al-Sir's separation from Oman. Sheikh Al-Qawasim formed an alliance with the Arabs of Al-Hula, as well as with Mullah Ali Shah, who possessed a fleet of Persian ships and a substantial stockpile of equipment and ammunition. Their combined forces presented a significant challenge, requiring the Imam's strategic acumen and military prowess to counter their threats. The third challenge centered around the remaining groups of the Ya'ariba, who still held control over parts of Oman. Their influence had recently expanded, stretching from Samail to Nizwa, and reaching as far as Wadi Bani Ghafir.
In this detailed chapter, the intricate conflict that unfolded between the Imam, Ahmad bin Said, and Ali bin Othman, who held control over Mombasa and Zanzibar is revealed. The narrative traces the course of this confrontation, ultimately resulting in the occupation of Zanzibar by Omani forces. However, Mombasa remained under Uthman's authority for a duration of eight years until his demise at the hands of Khalaf bin Qadbar in 1762.
The chapters unfold, chronicling the ongoing struggle between the Imam and his adversaries. The conflict extends until the pivotal moment when Imam Ahmad successfully seizes Wadi al-Samael, marking a turning point in the narrative. Eventually, he enters Nizwa in a peaceful manner, receiving a dignified welcome from its inhabitants. Witnessing his noble character and qualities, they deemed him deserving of the Imamate, pledging their allegiance to him. This marked the definitive end of the era known as the Ya'ariba state during the time of Imam Ahmad bin Said.
Banu Ghafir
The fourth chapter delves into the authority of Imam Ahmad in Zanzibar, shedding light on his deliberate decision to refrain from interfering in the affairs of the East Coast of Africa. Instead, he focused his efforts on solidifying the foundations of the emerging ruling families in Oman. One notable development during this period was the annexation of Al-Sir to Oman, a significant step facilitated through an agreement with Sheikh Al-Qawasim. This agreement effectively brought an end to the influence and authority of the remaining Ya'ariba princes, signifying a pivotal moment in the political landscape of the region.
Additionally, this chapter brings to the forefront the imam's arrest of the prominent figures among the Bani Ghafir and their respected sheikhs, subsequently sending them to Muscat. The book concludes this event with His Highness's poignant words: "We remain uncertain of their fate, and only God possesses the ultimate knowledge about them. Such is the course set by the divine wisdom, where Allah ordains what holds true influence."
Within the book, a significant discussion revolves around the Banu Ghafir's deep-seated desire for vengeance following the killings of their sheikhs. Moreover, the narrative delves into the events unfolding on the sixteenth of May in the year 1775, which took place in the vicinity of the Shatt al-Arab. This particular episode witnessed an ongoing conflict between the Persians, on one side, and the Arabs and Ottomans on the other. It is recounted that the people of Basra sought victory from Imam Ahmed bin Saeed during this period. Unfortunately, in 1776, the Persians successfully occupied Basra, leading to a surge of emotions and sentiments among the locals. In response, Sheikh Rashid bin Saqr Al Qasimi, driven by a desire to avenge the Banu Ghafir, formed an alliance with Sheikh Abdullah Al-Maini. Together, they seized control over all the ships destined for Muscat or departing from it, making a powerful statement of resistance and solidarity.
Quietness
In the fifth chapter, His Highness delves into the period spanning from 1779 to 1781, characterized initially by relative tranquility in Oman. However, the calm was soon disrupted by a clash between Rashid bin Matar Al Qasimi and the emerging Salafi groups. These groups had gained influence in the Al-Ahsa region in 1780 and subsequently extended their reach to Rams in Ras Al Khaimah.
In this chapter, His Highness delves into the life and reign of Imam Ahmad bin Said, during a period marked by various challenges and transitions. His Highness sheds light on the decline in Imam Ahmad's income derived from Omani taxes, which resulted in a decreased level of activity in the bustling port of Muscat. The Imam's retreat and isolation in Rustaq also come into focus, reflecting a shift in his position of authority. As the narrative unfolds, His Highness explores the pivotal moment when Imam Ahmad decided to pass on the leadership mantle to his son, Sayyid Hamad bin Said. It becomes apparent that Sayyid Hamad possessed remarkable leadership qualities, as evidenced by his swift consolidation of power across all regions of Oman. However, tragedy struck in 1792 when Sayyid Hamad fell victim to smallpox, ultimately succumbing to the illness in March of that same year.
Events
In Chapter six, the spotlight is cast upon several noteworthy individuals who played influential roles during this period of history. Among them is Sayyid Muhammad ibn al-Imam Ahmad, who assumed the position of governor in Suwaiq, overseeing its affairs with diligence. Similarly, Sayyid Qays ibn al-Imam took charge of Sohar and Muttrah, exhibiting astute governance skills.
The narrative also delves into the intricate dynamics between Nizwa, Yabreen, and the Shaikh Bani Ghafir. Under their authority, these regions maintained a strained relationship with Imam Sa'id ibn Ahmad, displaying a sense of hostility.
Significantly, Chapter six highlights the expansion of Sayyid Sultan ibn al-Imam's influence beyond the borders of Oman. With the successful control of Muscat and Rustaq falling under the dominion of Sa'id bin Ahmad, Sayyid Sultan seized the opportunity to extend his reach further. By 1798, he accomplished a remarkable feat: securing a lease for the strategic port of Bandar Abbas and its surrounding territories from the Persian government. This arrangement allowed Sayyid Sultan to tap into the revenues generated by these ports, contributing to his growing influence and resources.
Simultaneously, the British dispatched Mirza Mahdi Khan from the East India Company in Abu Shahr to Oman with the purpose of meeting Imam Sultan bin Ahmed and determining his stance regarding the French.
Military Moves
Chapter eight delves into the military developments that unfolded in Oman during March 1806. Fierce battles ensued, primarily centered in and around Muttrah. Within this context, several key figures emerged, each playing a pivotal role in the unfolding sequence of events. This intense period of conflict extended from July 1806 to November of the same year.
Following these turbulent times, the reins of government in Oman transitioned into the capable hands of Sayyid Saeed bin Sultan. As his influence began to take root, it gradually blossomed, marking the onset of a new era for the nation.
On the 19th of November 1806, Imam Saeed bin Sultan embarks on a voyage to the ports of Ras Al Khaimah and Bandar Abbas, leading a fleet comprised of three large ships and three small ships. His objective is to launch an attack against the Qawasim and the Al Bu Ma'in tribe.
By the beginning of February 1809, Imam Saeed bin Sultan mobilizes his forces on all fronts, defending Oman against various threats. During this period, there are accounts recounting the oppression inflicted upon the dawa groups by certain individuals. One such figure is Hamid bin Nasser bin Muhammad al-Ghafri, who expresses his desire to align with Imam Saeed bin Sultan. However, due to the lack of trust in his sincerity, the Imam requests evidence of his hostility towards the dawa group before extending his support.
Supplements
The book includes several appendices, each providing additional valuable information. The first appendix illustrates the two forms of the Ghafri flag, known as Al-Alam Al-Ghafri, which represents the authority of the Al-Qawasim. The flag bears the inscriptions "Nasr min Allah" (Victory from God) and "Fatah qareeb" (Victory is near), along with the British flag. The second appendix contains a letter written by William Bruce, the Director of the East India Company's Abu Shahr Agency, addressed to the First Secretary of the Pompey Government, J. Lumsden. Additionally, within the same appendix, a copy of the original letter manuscript in English is presented. Lastly, the third appendix presents another letter written by William Bruce, this time addressed to the President and Governor of the Pompeii Council, Jonathan Duncan.
Skirmishes
" Chapter ten of the book discusses a significant event that took place in October 1819, where the government of Pompeii made the decision to launch a campaign against the Qawasim. In December of the same year, the expedition reached Ras al-Khaimah, resulting in the destruction of the city and its ports. Unfortunately, the Arab forces suffered heavy casualties during the intense fighting.
Within this chapter, His Highness, the Ruler of Sharjah, also highlights military skirmishes that commenced in May 1820. These clashes involved a group of Ashikhra individuals from the Bani Bu Ali tribe who seized a boat owned by a merchant from Karachi. The boat was carrying valuable goods and a substantial amount of dollars. Tragically, a considerable number of sailors aboard the boat were killed during this incident. Alas, this audacious act of thievery came at a grievous cost, as the lives of numerous mariners were prematurely snuffed out, their souls drifting upon the unforgiving currents of destiny